Pelican Facts

Pelican Facts There are eight living types of pelicans (Pelecanus species) on our planet, which are all water flying creatures and water carnivores that feed on live fish in seaside locales or potentially inside lakes and waterways. The most well-known in the United States are the earthy colored pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) and the Great White (P. anocratalus). Pelicans are individuals from Pelecaniformes, a gathering of flying creatures that likewise incorporates the blue-footed booby, tropicbirds, cormorants, gannets, and the extraordinary frigate feathered creature. Pelicans and their family members have webbed feet and are all around adjusted to getting fish, their essential food source. Numerous species plunge or swim submerged to catch their prey. Quick Facts: Pelicans Logical Name: Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, P. occidentalis, P. thagus, P. onocrotalu, P. conspicullatus, P. rufescens, P. crispus, and P.philippensisCommon Names: American white pelican, earthy colored pelican, Peruvian pelican, extraordinary white pelican, Australian pelican, pink-sponsored pelican, Dalmatian pelican and spot-charged pelicanBasic Animal Group: BirdSize: Length: 4.3â€6.2 feet; wingspan: 6.6-11.2 feetWeight: 8â€26 poundsLifespan: 15â€25 years in the wildDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Found on all mainlands aside from Antarctica, close to coastlines or huge inland waterwaysPopulation: Estimates just accessible for two close undermined species: Spot-charged, (8700â€12,000) and Dalmation (11,400â€13,400)Conservation Status: Dalmatian, spot-charged, and Peruvian pelicans are classed as Near-Threatened; every single other specie are Least Concern Depiction All pelicans have two webbed feet with four toes, which are all associated by the web (known as the totipalmate foot). Every one of them have enormous bills with a conspicuous gular pocket (throat pocket) which they use for getting fish and depleting water. Gular sacs are likewise utilized for mating showcases and directing internal heat level. Pelicans have huge wingspans-some more than 11 feet-and are aces noticeable all around and on the water.â <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/V3TlvjXNa03EOaz8nivtmbEGseQ=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/nom-nom-nom-673262438-6e7dc9727aa84cd5960b9d07929ff5d3.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/NnZS3cO23-y-F7MScYOKN5FLXPk=/1068x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/nom-nom-nom-673262438-6e7dc9727aa84cd5960b9d07929ff5d3.jpg 1068w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/OTQI5rg9p6Dg0r0RYDs8EcSL_RA=/1836x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/nom-nom-nom-673262438-6e7dc9727aa84cd5960b9d07929ff5d3.jpg 1836w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/vTt9wkx66EfuCuOXzrMQCCkivPg=/3373x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/nom-nom-nom-673262438-6e7dc9727aa84cd5960b9d07929ff5d3.jpg 3373w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/hLIs6MBPmOQKTEfWM2NivtBwMPA=/3373x2249/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/nom-nom-nom-673262438-6e7dc9727aa84cd5960b9d07929ff5d3.jpg src=//:0 alt=Great White Pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus) class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-6 information following container=true /> An incredible white pelican utilizes its gular pocket to catch a fish. Michael Allen Siebold/Getty Images Natural surroundings and Distributionâ Pelicans are found on the entirety of the landmasses of the world aside from Antarctica. DNA considers have indicated that pelicans can be assembled into three branches: Old World (spot-charged, pink-upheld, and Australian pelicans), New World (earthy colored, American White, and Peruvian); and the Great White. The American white is limited to inside pieces of Canada; the earthy colored pelican is found along the western coast and Florida shores of the United States and northern South America. The Peruvian pelican sticks to the Pacific coastlines of Peru and Chile. They are fish eaters that flourish close to streams, lakes, deltas, and estuaries; some are restricted to beach front areas while others run close to enormous inside lakes.â Diet and Behaviorâ All pelicans eat fish, and they chase for them separately or in gatherings. They gather up fish in their bills and afterward channel the water from their pockets before gulping their prey-which is when gulls and terns endeavor to take the fish from their mouths. They can likewise jump into the water at incredible speed to catch their prey. A portion of the pelicans move enormous separations, others are for the most part sedentary.â Pelicans are social animals who home in states, some of the time upwards of thousands of sets. The biggest of the species-the biggest ones, Great White, American White, Australian, and Dalmation-assemble settles on the ground while the littler ones home in trees or bushes or on precipice edges. The homes differ in size and complexity.â <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Nd469FnJxnu2zajm3F7-vIcrX1A=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/pelicans-plunging for-fish-96708534-a4dd68e86c644bb8bf223396dde9136f.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/yUCXFS6J2SREEtBlj0brudYKuQA=/1473x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/pelicans-jumping for-fish-96708534-a4dd68e86c644bb8bf223396dde9136f.jpg 1473w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/m6P91i_ObWHhpTxfBCZzdINUpRI=/2646x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/pelicans-jumping for-fish-96708534-a4dd68e86c644bb8bf223396dde9136f.jpg 2646w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/EkQ5tRkXNXDFTqKuy2eQav30ViE=/4993x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/pelicans-jumping for-fish-96708534-a4dd68e86c644bb8bf223396dde9136f.jpg 4993w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/q5-A7xdGHyKincR_wzEEw7T_VxQ=/4993x3328/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/pelicans-plunging for-fish-96708534-a4dd68e86c644bb8bf223396dde9136f.jpg src=//:0 alt=Pelicans Diving for fish class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-17 information following container=true /> Pelicans Diving for fish. Jean-Yves Bruel/Getty Images Generation and Offspringâ Pelican reproducing plans differ with the species. Reproducing may happen every year or like clockwork; some happen in explicit seasons or happen all year. The eggs differ in hue by species from pale white to rosy to light green or blue. Mother pelicans lay eggs in grasps that fluctuate with the species, from one to six on the double; and the eggs brood for a period somewhere in the range of 24 and 57 days.â The two guardians play a job in taking care of and tending the chicks, taking care of them spewed fish. A large number of the species have post-juvenile consideration that can keep going up to year and a half. Pelicans take somewhere in the range of three and five years to arrive at sexual maturity.â <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/xL8Dd6V6Et9tcKmQNloH6FkKMZQ=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/pink-supported pelicanpelecanus-rufescenslandingokavango-deltabotswana-83372089-9bfac3c06e6e446ebe8cef0575b6fd44.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/vBC9Vp3XeD4BNKYNnE74PeM_vfs=/1509x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/pink-upheld pelicanpelecanus-rufescenslandingokavango-deltabotswana-83372089-9bfac3c06e6e446ebe8cef0575b6fd44.jpg 1509w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/3R6PErQcT_9atYR4HW6_po3XXhc=/2718x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/pink-sponsored pelicanpelecanus-rufescenslandingokavango-deltabotswana-83372089-9bfac3c06e6e446ebe8cef0575b6fd44.jpg 2718w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/iXRT3ZRyMq92QVpIWx0zSxXAqdg=/5138x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/pink-sponsored pelicanpelecanus-rufescenslandingokavango-deltabotswana-83372089-9bfac3c06e6e446ebe8cef0575b6fd44.jpg 5138w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/6dBD4rjueI-7ac2d081qDFohjIY=/5138x3425/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/pink-supported pelicanpelecanus-rufescenslandingokavango-deltabotswana-83372089-9bfac3c06e6e446ebe8cef0575b6fd44.jpg src=//:0 alt=Pink-supported Pelicans (Pelecanus rufescens) landing, Okavango Delta, Botswana class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-23 information following container=true /> Pink-supported Pelican (Pelecanus rufescens) can be found in Okavango Delta, Botswana. Dave Hamman/Getty Images Protection Statusâ The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) considers most pelican types of least concern. Populace gauges are accessible for two close compromised species: In 2018, the spot-charged pelican was evaluated by the IUCN as somewhere in the range of 8700 and 12,000 people), and the Dalmatian pelican at between 11,400 and13,400. As of now, the American white and Peruvian are known to be expanding in populace while the spot-charged and Dalmatian are diminishing, and the Australian and pink-sponsored are steady. The Great White Pelican has not been tallied as of late. Albeit earthy colored pelicans were recorded as imperiled during the 1970s and 1980s due to pesticides that had entered their evolved ways of life, the populaces have recouped and they are not, at this point thought about jeopardized. Transformative History The eight living pelicans have a place with the request Pelecaniformes. Individuals from the Order Pelecaniformes incorporate pelicans, tropicbirds, boobies, darters, gannets, cormorants, and frigate winged animals. There are six families and around 65 species in the Order Pelecaniformes. Early Pelecaniformes showed up during the finish of the Cretaceous time frame. There is some contention whether Pelecaniformes all offer normal drop. Ongoing investigations recommend that some common qualities among the different pelecaniform subgroups are the consequence of united advancement. Sources Earthy colored pelican. National Wildlife Federation, Wildlife Guide, Birds.Pelicans. IUCN Red List. Kennedy, Martyn, Hamish G. Spencer, and Russell D.

Parts of Lathe Machine Essay Example For Students

Portions of Lathe Machine Essay A metal machine or metalworking machine is an enormous class of machines intended for unequivocally machining moderately hard materials. They were initially intended to machine metals; be that as it may, striking the approach of plastics and different materials, and With their inborn adaptability, they are utilized in a Wide scope Of utilizations, and an expansive scope of materials. In machining language, where the bigger setting is as of now comprehended, they are generally basically called machines, or, in all likelihood alluded to by progressively explicit subtype names (toolbar machine, turret machine, and so forth. These unbending machine apparatuses expel material from a turning workforce by means of the (ordinarily straight) developments of different cutting devices, for example, device bits and boring apparatus. Cover: Front piece of the carriage gathering in which the carriage handheld is mounted. Carriage: The carriage comprising of three fundamental parts, the seat, cross -slide, and cover, is utilized to move the cutting instrument along the machine bed, The seat, a H-peeped throwing mounted on the highest point of the machine ways, gives a methods for mounting the Ross-slide and cover, Compound Slide Rest: Movable stage on which the device post is mounted; can be set at an edge to the workforce. Otherwise called compound slide and compound rest. Counter Shaft: It is likewise called as Jack Shaft. It IS utilized to change the RPM of the engine. Headstock: The principle throwing mounted on the left finish Of the bed , in Which the shaft is mounted. Houses the shaft speed switch gears. Bed: The bed is a substantial, rough throwing made to help the working piece of the machine. On its top segment are machined ways that manage and adjust the significant pieces of the machine. Lead Screw: Precision screw that runs the length of the bed. Used to drive the carriage under force for turning and string cutting tasks. Littler lead screws are utilized inside the cross-slide and compound to move those parts by exact sums. Seat: A throwing, formed like a H when seen from above, which rides along the ways. Alongside the cover, its one of the two fundamental parts that make up the carriage. Tail stock: The tailcoats can be balanced for tighten or equal turning by two screw set in the base. The tailcoats axle can be secured any situation along the bed Of the machine by the tailcoats clasp. The tailcoats axle has an inward shape to get the perfectly focused, Which offers help for the right-hand end Of the activity. The tailcoats hand wheel moves the tailcoats axle in or out of the tailcoats throwing. It can likewise be utilized to give a hand feed to penetrating and reaming tasks.

Quest Venture Partners

Quest Venture Partners INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are in Palo Alto in the Quest Venture Partners Office. Andrew, who are you and what do you do?Andrew: Martin, thank you. My name is Andrew Ogawa, I run Quest Venture Partners, one of the three managing partners here: Andrew Ogawa, Marcus Ogawa, Maarten Hooft. Together we run Quest Venture Partners that focuses on early stage venture capital investments.Andrew: We were established in 2008, originally as a family office. Marcus is my brother and we were in a lucky position to create a venture capital fund, due to the fact that our father is an entrepreneur as well. Our father, at age 51 started his own company, container leasing corporation: 20 fleet, 50 fleet ocean-going containers. And his dream was always to go IPO. In 2007, his dream came true and he went IPO on New York stock exchange. With those funds he said Kids, one day youre probably going to become a lot of money, you should learn how to invest. We live in Silicon Valley, this is the good pla ce to invest in startups, and by the way, I have a golf buddy whose friend is running a startup and I want to invest in it, and I need for you guys to manage it. So thats kind of the genesis of Quest Venture Partners, originally being a family fund. I myself have more than 10 years in national business experience, working with large German company called Daimler, where I was stationed in Japan, Detroit, and Stuttgart, working in procurement, in national sales and marketing, as well as controlling. Marcus, my brother, has more overall IT experience with network solutions, web, pages and kind of all things for various IT functions. And together in 2008 we created Quest Venture Partners LLC and made the first investment in our fathers friends company. After that, we took 11 months to really build our network out, take any meeting we could with any entrepreneur, any investor, anyone affiliated with the startup social network, because weve realized that, to be able to make good investmen ts, its not just about having money, its about being able to support the founders of the startups in various different ways. It can be operationally, it can be network with biz dev opportunities, it can be thinking strategically together, what the next steps are, and especially if youre investing in seed stage or first institutional money, its all about how can you help bringing that startup to the next level, so that, its able to receive financing, series A and onward. So thats kind of how our company, Quest Venture Partners, started and since then, we like to consider Quest Venture Partners fund one as between 2008 and kind of 2012, where we were about 20 million dollar fund, we invested in 45 investments. Im happy to say that weve returned our invested money and more, and still have over half of our investments alive, so were projecting a very nice return with our fund one. And given those results, Marcus and I said Hey, I think it makes sense for us to create something even bigg er than just Marcus and Andy. Why dont we create a fund that or a fund management structure that will last for a 100 years? So, how are we going to do that? What we need to do, obviously, is bring on even better people than us, so bring on more talent, increase organization, as well as we need to then increase our resources or funds. So, one, we brought on a new managing partner, named Maarten, from Google, where the last 4.5 years he was with the Android team and technical program manager for the Nexus devices. So, with Maarten on board, he brings a tremendous amount of technical, hardware and software due diligence capabilities for us, with regard to mobile devices in general. And then, we are now fund two and targeting a 45 million dollar fund, which is a lot larger than our fund 1, but we will still be focusing on seed stage, series A stage, first institutional money in, and being able to follow on in B and C, if necessary. And basically, as a target for our fund two we want to put our initial investments, try to have around 7-12% equity stake in the company, invest anywhere from a quarter of a million to a million and a half as initial investment, deploy 45% of our total fund size as initial investment and hold on 55% for follow on investments. So, hopefully, within 3 3.5 years we make all of our initial investments and have just our follow ons to manage.Martin: Well, you said that you started with this kind of family offersAndrew: Yes.Martin: Which is more perpetual in terms of nature? When you raise money from limited partners, its more of limited in time, mostly 8-12 years. How do you manage this kind of different, lets say, philosophy in managing fund?Andrew: The philosophy for our investment actually resonates well with a lot of our LPs. We believe in open communication, transparency, and a sense of integrity, with a relationship between the investor and the founder of the startup. Likewise, when we address our LPs for investment into our fund, we a lso stress the fact that we believe in open communication, transparency and a sense of integrity. Hence, a lot of family offices who are looking to invest into startups are considering our fund as investment, because they can relate to those three guiding principles, and also to the fact that obviously we have come from a family office. So, we believe in long-term relationships over short-term quick wins. And I think, in general, in early stage investing, youre investing really in the founders. The idea is important, but, for us, idea has to be interesting, and it has to be able to address a scalable market, or a large enough market, and maybe thats 20% of our decision, but I would say 80% of our decision is all based upon the founders and the character of the founders. If they get knocked down are they going to stand up and continue to fight? How emotional are they or are they very pragmatic? Questions we also ask a lot are like: what do you want out of this company? Or, how do you define success? Are they experienced entrepreneurs that have already sold companies many times before, hence, unless they get a 100 million or above theyre not going to exit? Or are they fresh out of college, newer founders who may be a bit more pragmatic about exit opportunities, because if theyre suddenly offered 15-20 million dollars, its a life changing event for them. Theres no right answers if you should sell early or no, you can wait till a hundred, but it definitely ties in with the ability for the investor to be able to get their money back. So, this is something that investors will always be asking. That being said, to get back on track with your original question, we really believe in establishing this relationship, open relationship with the founder so that, if theres something wrong, they dont call us afterwards, theyre calling to us before, The giant iceberg is coming to us, how do we get out of the way? as oppose to Oh, we got hit and how do I fix the boat?. So we wa nt them to call us before the big issue happens, but we also want them to call us, be the ones that they call when they say I lended the first million dollar deal! and show their excitement. And that can only happen when you have open, transparent communication with founders and youre working together to try to achieve this goal.QUEST VENTURE PARTNERSMartin: Andrew, lets talk about Quest Venture Partners. You said that youre in the early stage investments, so mainly seed and series A. What type of industry or business models are you looking for in an investment?Andrew: Were kind of known as mobile guys in the Valley, but thats very general topic these days, now that theres so many apps and everyone, obviously, you need some sort of mobile device presence.But, especially bringing Maarten on board, and having his Android knowledge base, I think we like focusing on mobile applications.We also like O2O, so online-to-offline. So, how do you interject technology into day-to-day life to ma ke things more efficient, or more pleasant, and that also encompasses the introduction of new platforms to allow people to meet or exchange information somehow.Finally, we also look out a creative e-commerce. So, not your typical e-commerce solution, but something with a twist or a thing that sets it apart.Those three categories are ones that we like a lot. Obviously, internet of things is one that also is quite fascinating. As theres going to be more and more devices with various types of switches or sensors to it, that can help make life better.Martin: Can you walk us through the typical investment due diligence process?Andrew: Usually well meet with the founders in person, and we tend to meet all three of us with the founders at once, so that all of us have the initial impression. If we like our first meeting, we will then have a follow-up meeting, and we want to usually visit their office, and meet all of the team. In the meanwhile, well find out if we know of any investors who have already talked to them, to get their impression, well try to identify if there are any other founders or people who have worked with people who are presenting to us, to get their impression. And then well, obviously, look at competitive landscape, well try to get a better feel for the total grasp of the market. And then, after that second meeting, if were further interested well obviously communicate Hey, were very interested, and we need to start to get a better feel what sort of terms are the founders looking for in their financing. Obviously, valuation is a very big component, liquidation preferences, is this a convertible note or equity run, making change, obviously, the deal tremendously. Likewise existing capital structure, understanding the cap table of the company, lots of times when you have many, many investors in your startup for very small amounts, things can get kind of tricky. And theres friend and family run, sometimes lot of people do convertible notes with very low valuations or some strange terms in it, which unfortunately makes it more difficult, as a company gets bigger, to receive subsequent round. So, one company recently, that we are planning to do a convertible note, once we identified their cap table, we saw three different classifications of convertible notes of friends and family rounds, for three different caps and various different amounts invested. We said Hey, founders, I think it would probably make sense better to do equity round, why dont we clean all this up and this will also help you in the future to secure series A better? So yeah, we need to look at many different components, but obviously the most important one is actually the founders, what kind of character do they have, usually past experiences lead to who you are. So we try to understand how they got to where they are, we try to understand what they want out of the company, as I talked about before, and reference checks are very important.Martin: And how long do es it typically take from the first contact to signing the contract?Andrew: It varies, but I think were more on the quicker side, because its just three of us, and three of us are on the investment community. Basically and if one of us says no, then it doesnt happen, but if we all agree then things can proceed very quickly. If they have a clean capital structure and no previous major investors, I would say we could do a turnaround easily within a month, if not earlier, to be honest with you, it is convertible note that is quite quick.Martin: Can you tell us about some investor pitches that you liked very much and tell us also why you liked them very much?Andrew: I like investor pitches, where the founder uses a lot of past experiences to exemplify why they may have learned something, or why they may be acting differently, or why they may pursuing different strategy, because it then helps build a bond of understanding where the individual came from and how theyve grown from that situ ation and how they plan to implement the knowledge or the experience that they gain from the past towards the present. I dont like presentations or pitches where the founders come in and believe that they know everything and dont want to listen to advice. Its very difficult if youre dealing with the founder thats not coachable. Not all founders need to be coached, but they have to be willing to entertain different suggestions and ideas, and actually trying to implement them before, and seeing if they work, as opposed to just totally shutting things out, or pretending that they know everything, or that theyre above Hey, why do you question me, I know what Im doing. Obviously, you dont have a pleasant interaction at that point and you realize that, in the future, after I invest in the company, this founder is probably not going to listen to any of the suggestions we make, or were not going to have a good repertoire between each other. From the beginning, if the founder knows everythin g and isnt really willing to listen to suggestions, thats usually a big red flag. Those that are willing to entertain ideas and have a conversation that allows for back and forth is always a plus, transparency and kind of open communication is how we want to build upon our relationship, and those that can kind of explain how they got to this conclusion from past experiences are usually ones that we take second meetings and want to learn more about their team.Martin: Andrew, lets talk about the market and some business models that you like very much. If you look at the markets fear, whether its in Silicon Valley or abroad, what type of markets do you think are very interesting for entrepreneurs to tap into, or what type of business models?Andrew: Recurring revenue business models are always nice, as oppose to one time upfront plays. Because if youre providing a service that generates any level of satisfaction to the end user, the customer, theyre going to want to continue to use it a nd as long as youre not reminding them that your service is great or your service is bad, I guess for that matter as well, theyre going to continue to pay for it.So, I like SaaS models, with recurring revenue, hopefully with low implementation or barrier to implement. Those ones are, tend to, it may take time in the beginning, but as long as your turnover is low, your revenue builds up consistently, and its little bit more easier to plan out.I also enjoy platforms. It takes, it may take some time to actually construct some platform, and then to bring the people on to platform, but once you have a k-factor, virality thats higher than, so people coming in, youre going to consistently be gaining and people are going to want to come back to the platform and to be part of the platform, then theyre going to have to either pay on transactional basis or subscription basis. The thing with platforms, though, is that you always have to have some sort of a hook that makes them want to come back to the platform, as oppose to meet someone and then go off the platform and to communicate directly. We have a very interesting startup that we invested in, called DogVacay, which is kind of Airbnb for dogs, pet owners. As oppose to me leaving my dog with another pet shop, Id rather leave my dog with another dog lover. So, through the platform I can identify someone whos willing to host my dog while Im on vacation. I can see their ratings, I can go to mobile app and see photos and videos and give the dog a bone, and theyve been tremendously doing well over the past 2, 2.5 years, and were very happy to be a part of that. But their hook for their platform is that they provide insurance to the dog sitter and a pet owner, both sides, just in case something happens, as well as the dog got lost, theyre pulling all strings they can to try to, pull resources to find the dog. So theyre very customer service oriented. But, by providing that hook of insurance, and being able to review and see those reviews, thats what allows people to come back, and not stay off of the platform. So, if youre creating a platform business, its great if you can pull everything together, but you need to make sure that theres a reason why they continue to stay on the platform as oppose to meet people and then go of the platform.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM ANDREW OGAWA In Palo Alto (CA), we talked with venture capitalist Andrew Ogawa from Quest Venture Partners about the investment process, current startup market and business models. Furthermore, David shares his learnings and advice for young entrepreneurs.The transcript of the interview is provided below.INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are in Palo Alto in the Quest Venture Partners Office. Andrew, who are you and what do you do?Andrew: Martin, thank you. My name is Andrew Ogawa, I run Quest Venture Partners, one of the three managing partners here: Andrew Ogawa, Marcus Ogawa, Maarten Hooft. Together we run Quest Venture Partners that focuses on early stage venture capital investments.Andrew: We were established in 2008, originally as a family office. Marcus is my brother and we were in a lucky position to create a venture capital fund, due to the fact that our father is an entrepreneur as well. Our father, at age 51 started his own company, container leasing corporation: 20 fleet, 50 fleet ocean -going containers. And his dream was always to go IPO. In 2007, his dream came true and he went IPO on New York stock exchange. With those funds he said Kids, one day youre probably going to become a lot of money, you should learn how to invest. We live in Silicon Valley, this is the good place to invest in startups, and by the way, I have a golf buddy whose friend is running a startup and I want to invest in it, and I need for you guys to manage it. So thats kind of the genesis of Quest Venture Partners, originally being a family fund. I myself have more than 10 years in national business experience, working with large German company called Daimler, where I was stationed in Japan, Detroit, and Stuttgart, working in procurement, in national sales and marketing, as well as controlling. Marcus, my brother, has more overall IT experience with network solutions, web, pages and kind of all things for various IT functions. And together in 2008 we created Quest Venture Partners LLC and mad e the first investment in our fathers friends company. After that, we took 11 months to really build our network out, take any meeting we could with any entrepreneur, any investor, anyone affiliated with the startup social network, because weve realized that, to be able to make good investments, its not just about having money, its about being able to support the founders of the startups in various different ways. It can be operationally, it can be network with biz dev opportunities, it can be thinking strategically together, what the next steps are, and especially if youre investing in seed stage or first institutional money, its all about how can you help bringing that startup to the next level, so that, its able to receive financing, series A and onward. So thats kind of how our company, Quest Venture Partners, started and since then, we like to consider Quest Venture Partners fund one as between 2008 and kind of 2012, where we were about 20 million dollar fund, we invested in 45 investments. Im happy to say that weve returned our invested money and more, and still have over half of our investments alive, so were projecting a very nice return with our fund one. And given those results, Marcus and I said Hey, I think it makes sense for us to create something even bigger than just Marcus and Andy. Why dont we create a fund that or a fund management structure that will last for a 100 years? So, how are we going to do that? What we need to do, obviously, is bring on even better people than us, so bring on more talent, increase organization, as well as we need to then increase our resources or funds. So, one, we brought on a new managing partner, named Maarten, from Google, where the last 4.5 years he was with the Android team and technical program manager for the Nexus devices. So, with Maarten on board, he brings a tremendous amount of technical, hardware and software due diligence capabilities for us, with regard to mobile devices in general. And then, we are now fund two and targeting a 45 million dollar fund, which is a lot larger than our fund 1, but we will still be focusing on seed stage, series A stage, first institutional money in, and being able to follow on in B and C, if necessary. And basically, as a target for our fund two we want to put our initial investments, try to have around 7-12% equity stake in the company, invest anywhere from a quarter of a million to a million and a half as initial investment, deploy 45% of our total fund size as initial investment and hold on 55% for follow on investments. So, hopefully, within 3 3.5 years we make all of our initial investments and have just our follow ons to manage.Martin: Well, you said that you started with this kind of family offersAndrew: Yes.Martin: Which is more perpetual in terms of nature? When you raise money from limited partners, its more of limited in time, mostly 8-12 years. How do you manage this kind of different, lets say, philosophy in managing fund?Andrew: The philosophy for our investment actually resonates well with a lot of our LPs. We believe in open communication, transparency, and a sense of integrity, with a relationship between the investor and the founder of the startup. Likewise, when we address our LPs for investment into our fund, we also stress the fact that we believe in open communication, transparency and a sense of integrity. Hence, a lot of family offices who are looking to invest into startups are considering our fund as investment, because they can relate to those three guiding principles, and also to the fact that obviously we have come from a family office. So, we believe in long-term relationships over short-term quick wins. And I think, in general, in early stage investing, youre investing really in the founders. The idea is important, but, for us, idea has to be interesting, and it has to be able to address a scalable market, or a large enough market, and maybe thats 20% of our decision, but I would say 80% of ou r decision is all based upon the founders and the character of the founders. If they get knocked down are they going to stand up and continue to fight? How emotional are they or are they very pragmatic? Questions we also ask a lot are like: what do you want out of this company? Or, how do you define success? Are they experienced entrepreneurs that have already sold companies many times before, hence, unless they get a 100 million or above theyre not going to exit? Or are they fresh out of college, newer founders who may be a bit more pragmatic about exit opportunities, because if theyre suddenly offered 15-20 million dollars, its a life changing event for them. Theres no right answers if you should sell early or no, you can wait till a hundred, but it definitely ties in with the ability for the investor to be able to get their money back. So, this is something that investors will always be asking. That being said, to get back on track with your original question, we really believe i n establishing this relationship, open relationship with the founder so that, if theres something wrong, they dont call us afterwards, theyre calling to us before, The giant iceberg is coming to us, how do we get out of the way? as oppose to Oh, we got hit and how do I fix the boat?. So we want them to call us before the big issue happens, but we also want them to call us, be the ones that they call when they say I lended the first million dollar deal! and show their excitement. And that can only happen when you have open, transparent communication with founders and youre working together to try to achieve this goal.QUEST VENTURE PARTNERSMartin: Andrew, lets talk about Quest Venture Partners. You said that youre in the early stage investments, so mainly seed and series A. What type of industry or business models are you looking for in an investment?Andrew: Were kind of known as mobile guys in the Valley, but thats very general topic these days, now that theres so many apps and every one, obviously, you need some sort of mobile device presence.But, especially bringing Maarten on board, and having his Android knowledge base, I think we like focusing on mobile applications.We also like O2O, so online-to-offline. So, how do you interject technology into day-to-day life to make things more efficient, or more pleasant, and that also encompasses the introduction of new platforms to allow people to meet or exchange information somehow.Finally, we also look out a creative e-commerce. So, not your typical e-commerce solution, but something with a twist or a thing that sets it apart.Those three categories are ones that we like a lot. Obviously, internet of things is one that also is quite fascinating. As theres going to be more and more devices with various types of switches or sensors to it, that can help make life better.Martin: Can you walk us through the typical investment due diligence process?Andrew: Usually well meet with the founders in person, and we tend to meet all three of us with the founders at once, so that all of us have the initial impression. If we like our first meeting, we will then have a follow-up meeting, and we want to usually visit their office, and meet all of the team. In the meanwhile, well find out if we know of any investors who have already talked to them, to get their impression, well try to identify if there are any other founders or people who have worked with people who are presenting to us, to get their impression. And then well, obviously, look at competitive landscape, well try to get a better feel for the total grasp of the market. And then, after that second meeting, if were further interested well obviously communicate Hey, were very interested, and we need to start to get a better feel what sort of terms are the founders looking for in their financing. Obviously, valuation is a very big component, liquidation preferences, is this a convertible note or equity run, making change, obviously, the deal tremendous ly. Likewise existing capital structure, understanding the cap table of the company, lots of times when you have many, many investors in your startup for very small amounts, things can get kind of tricky. And theres friend and family run, sometimes lot of people do convertible notes with very low valuations or some strange terms in it, which unfortunately makes it more difficult, as a company gets bigger, to receive subsequent round. So, one company recently, that we are planning to do a convertible note, once we identified their cap table, we saw three different classifications of convertible notes of friends and family rounds, for three different caps and various different amounts invested. We said Hey, founders, I think it would probably make sense better to do equity round, why dont we clean all this up and this will also help you in the future to secure series A better? So yeah, we need to look at many different components, but obviously the most important one is actually the f ounders, what kind of character do they have, usually past experiences lead to who you are. So we try to understand how they got to where they are, we try to understand what they want out of the company, as I talked about before, and reference checks are very important.Martin: And how long does it typically take from the first contact to signing the contract?Andrew: It varies, but I think were more on the quicker side, because its just three of us, and three of us are on the investment community. Basically and if one of us says no, then it doesnt happen, but if we all agree then things can proceed very quickly. If they have a clean capital structure and no previous major investors, I would say we could do a turnaround easily within a month, if not earlier, to be honest with you, it is convertible note that is quite quick.Martin: Can you tell us about some investor pitches that you liked very much and tell us also why you liked them very much?Andrew: I like investor pitches, where th e founder uses a lot of past experiences to exemplify why they may have learned something, or why they may be acting differently, or why they may pursuing different strategy, because it then helps build a bond of understanding where the individual came from and how theyve grown from that situation and how they plan to implement the knowledge or the experience that they gain from the past towards the present. I dont like presentations or pitches where the founders come in and believe that they know everything and dont want to listen to advice. Its very difficult if youre dealing with the founder thats not coachable. Not all founders need to be coached, but they have to be willing to entertain different suggestions and ideas, and actually trying to implement them before, and seeing if they work, as opposed to just totally shutting things out, or pretending that they know everything, or that theyre above Hey, why do you question me, I know what Im doing. Obviously, you dont have a plea sant interaction at that point and you realize that, in the future, after I invest in the company, this founder is probably not going to listen to any of the suggestions we make, or were not going to have a good repertoire between each other. From the beginning, if the founder knows everything and isnt really willing to listen to suggestions, thats usually a big red flag. Those that are willing to entertain ideas and have a conversation that allows for back and forth is always a plus, transparency and kind of open communication is how we want to build upon our relationship, and those that can kind of explain how they got to this conclusion from past experiences are usually ones that we take second meetings and want to learn more about their team.Martin: Andrew, lets talk about the market and some business models that you like very much. If you look at the markets fear, whether its in Silicon Valley or abroad, what type of markets do you think are very interesting for entrepreneurs t o tap into, or what type of business models?Andrew: Recurring revenue business models are always nice, as oppose to one time upfront plays. Because if youre providing a service that generates any level of satisfaction to the end user, the customer, theyre going to want to continue to use it and as long as youre not reminding them that your service is great or your service is bad, I guess for that matter as well, theyre going to continue to pay for it.So, I like SaaS models, with recurring revenue, hopefully with low implementation or barrier to implement. Those ones are, tend to, it may take time in the beginning, but as long as your turnover is low, your revenue builds up consistently, and its little bit more easier to plan out.I also enjoy platforms. It takes, it may take some time to actually construct some platform, and then to bring the people on to platform, but once you have a k-factor, virality thats higher than, so people coming in, youre going to consistently be gaining an d people are going to want to come back to the platform and to be part of the platform, then theyre going to have to either pay on transactional basis or subscription basis. The thing with platforms, though, is that you always have to have some sort of a hook that makes them want to come back to the platform, as oppose to meet someone and then go off the platform and to communicate directly. We have a very interesting startup that we invested in, called DogVacay, which is kind of Airbnb for dogs, pet owners. As oppose to me leaving my dog with another pet shop, Id rather leave my dog with another dog lover. So, through the platform I can identify someone whos willing to host my dog while Im on vacation. I can see their ratings, I can go to mobile app and see photos and videos and give the dog a bone, and theyve been tremendously doing well over the past 2, 2.5 years, and were very happy to be a part of that. But their hook for their platform is that they provide insurance to the dog sitter and a pet owner, both sides, just in case something happens, as well as the dog got lost, theyre pulling all strings they can to try to, pull resources to find the dog. So theyre very customer service oriented. But, by providing that hook of insurance, and being able to review and see those reviews, thats what allows people to come back, and not stay off of the platform. So, if youre creating a platform business, its great if you can pull everything together, but you need to make sure that theres a reason why they continue to stay on the platform as oppose to meet people and then go of the platform.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM ANDREW OGAWAMartin: Our readers are mostly first time entrepreneurs, or people interested in starting the company. What advice can you give them when they want to start or maybe even scale the company?Andrew: Theres a lot.But first of all, I think its very important to identify a co-founder that you can heavily rely upon, thats basically youre almost g etting married to them, maybe without the nightlife part. And youre going to have to be dedicated, things arent going to work as you expect it all the time. How do you deal with frustration and stress and anger and things not working your way is probably through communication with you co-founder, as well as your own social network. Maybe your significant other, your spouse or an advisor, a mentor. So, one, find the right co-founder, dont, if youre not a technical person, and youre just going to choose any other technical person as a co-founder because they can code, make sure thats the right person, dont just choose them because they can code. Because thats going to impact you for the next few years at least.Then, once you have your founders in place, I think its always wonderful to have mentors or advisors to bounce your ideas upon. But, you shouldnt try to find a mentor or advisor just because they have a high profile name, or theyre known in the community. Yes, Im sure theyre won derful people and they have great experience, and they could help a lot, but at the same time theyre probably very busy and active with many other startups and you may not get the full support that you need. So, find someone thats really actually going to be willing to take the time and work with you and help you identify issues early.Then, you need to come up with your business plan and actually start implementing some of this in the market and testing and starting to get feedback, because most VCs arent going to fund you just for your idea. They want to see you try and get some feedback from the market and have more data points before they invest in you. So, how do you build your product out and get it out to market quickly so you can start getting some initial feedback that you can then iterate on and approve upon is usually next goal. It depends on your business model but sometimes it takes a lot of money upfront, sometimes it doesnt. Hopefully you chose the one that didnt.And t hen, I think whenever you are ready to then go present to investors, and this is after youve talked to your friends and family, whoever want to put maybe some money to support you, but once youre ready to go to the investors, I think its very important to explain, once again, how youve come to where you are, why you believe that this may be successful, and what points have you tested out so far to kind of support that thesis. You wont have answers for everything. I think thats a very important thing that you have to keep in mind, that, be upfront with the investors as well, they listen to a thousand pitches a year, I think its, you dont need to show off or think you know everything, or have an answer to everything. Sometimes, if you dont know the answer, you can explain I dont know what it is, but my guess, or I would presume, or assume Because when you present a business model, when I see like revenue forecasts and all this, numbers actually dont mean anything to me. I like underst anding what the premise is, what made you feel as though that you would be able to attain this much market share. Im not worried about Oh, youre going to get 10% of market share, Im worried about how you came up with that thesis, what the premise is. So, be able to explain how you came up with your model, sort of building blocks, and not so worry about the actual number, but whats your idea behind the building blocks is more important to me. So, when you go to present, dont pretend like you know the answer to everything, dont have answers for everything, but make sure to explain why and how you came up with your thought. Because thats the interesting part.Martin: Andrew, thank you very much for your time.Andrew: Youre very welcome.Martin: And, starting a company is very adventurous and it can be very hard at some times. So, if you are doing your next quest, maybe you should think of Quest Venture Partners.

Challenges In Freedom Of Speech - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1110 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/05/18 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Freedom of Speech Essay Did you like this example? Statement of Problem In our current political climate, students have experienced challenges in their freedom of speech. Everyone in America has the right to the First Amendment. According to the United States Supreme Court, public institutions of higher education are legally bound to this amendment (Lowery, 2016, p 538). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Challenges In Freedom Of Speech" essay for you Create order This amendment applies to speech, expression, and assembly. Private colleges and universities have also protected students right to the first amendment. Private institution protection allows for a broad range of viewpoints that ensures a diverse educational experience. In peeks of governmental chaos, wars, and other historical events, colleges and universities have been at the center. Starting the in the 1800s, college and universities have been at the center of civic engagement and activism. In several cases, freedom of speech on campus has shaped social movements that have changed history (Ali, 2017, p. 4). In the case of specific demonstrations, institutions have been required to address a person first amendment in free speech zones. This has placed limitations on speech and demonstrations. The roles of student affairs practitioners in these cases are critical. As the first to know about demonstration and events, they are the primary decision-makers that articulate the laws of freedom of speech. If student affairs professionals are not fluent in the laws, then these policies can be broken. Student affairs departments author clear policies that protect free speech while maintaining inclusive spaces (Lowery, 2016, p. 538). In the three cases below, institutions have articulated their rationales for said policies in order to protect the student or the first amendment right. In the case of Charlottesville and the evangelistic preacher on campus, both campuses aim to maintain inclusive and safe environments for the student. While in the final case, the first amendment protects students freedom of speech. In all situations, the goal is for student affairs practitioners to maintain campus environments that could be challenged by outside constituents. Policy: Time, Place and Manner Time, place and manner is the policy address a student or off-campus party freedom of speech. In several cases brought to the court circuits, public institutions could regulate speech without impeding constitutional rights. The U.S Supreme Court articulate the clauses when an institution applies to time, place and manner. Limitation on time, place and manner must not favor one perspective or side, serve a significant government interest. The speech, demonstration, or assembly could achieve a specific interest and offer alternative options for speech. Yet, public institutions are restricted from impeded speech because they are funded by taxpayer dollars. Restrictions on time, frequency, and length must be rational. Place restrictions are implemented by campus reservations and campus can ensure neutrality if the property is owned by the institution. Manner refers to not the content, however, the volume of the speech or demonstration. Institutions have been under scrutiny for their articulation of the law and many institutions have had to untangle the law (Morse, 2015, p. 4). The important distinction to make is when the speaker is a student or is campus affiliated versus non-affiliated. Rationale for Policies In these three cases below, institutions have implemented time, place and manner policies. The individual articulation of the law assists in the development of comprehensive student affairs models. They can serve as examples of how colleges and universities should shape their policies. In doing so, they provide scenarios and examples for student affairs practitioners to digest. University of Virginia- Charlottesville In recent history, colleges and universities have experienced startling demonstrations that shaped history. These demonstrations on campus have defied their mission and reputation. Recounting August 2017 at the University of Virginia- Charlottesville, white nationalists, and supremacists leaders marched through the campus rallying around White Lives Matter. University of Virginia students locked arms in the middle of campus to block white nationalists from entering a sacred part of campus. This shortly erupted into a mass riot that concluded with three fatalities. At the end of the disruption, police officers and law officials declared it an unlawful demonstration. Yet, this came after the mass disruption of peace (Washington Post, 2017). The reason why this demonstration was deemed unlawful because of the law time, place and manner. The demonstration happened on university property without proper permits. In addition to this, article, violence erupted, causing disruption. This disruption interruppted normal campus operations causing. In addition to this, Another note is the group did not follow the necessary steps in the University of Virginias designated public forum area (Morse, 2015, p. 5). Preachers on Campus In a case Georgia Southern University, an evangelist speaker sought to change the policies that limited the time and manner of allowed by the university. In this case, an evangelistic preacher presented a case against the Georgia Southern University for limiting the time of the preaching. This is the case, neither the institution nor the preachers disputed the right for expression of religion. In this case, GSU policies upheld a persons constitutional right while maintaining campus policy. A speaker that is not affiliated with the college must seek necessary permits in order to te university to properly regulate the demonstration (Morse, 2015, p. 5). If permits are not obtained, then there is no right to assemble because the safety becomes a concern. In addition to this, the campus have greater leverage to exclude outside as long as the exclusion is neutral and reasonable (Lowery, 2016, pg. 539). Modesto Junior College Free speech zones on campus have come under scrutiny in recent years. Free speech zone is areas of campus that do not require prior reservation where students and other constituents are allowed to assemble. In 2013, Modesto Junior College challenged a students rights in a free speech zone. On Constitution Day, on September 2013, students were celebrating by distributing copies of the constitution. Campus representatives instructed students that they must register their event in advance. The student was distributing flyers in front of the student center. The case noted that all events must be held inside of the free speech area. Despite the interpretation of the policy, courts later decided that the campus policies must be revised. The revisions now allow for free expression on campus at outdoor areas by a campus sponsored affiliate (Morse, 2015, p. 5). Outcomes of the Policy Institutions are facing critical outcomes as it relates to their policies. Some of the outcomes that have occurred recently are colleges and universities clearly defining their policies on freedom of speech. Other outcomes include institutions have multifaceted plans for if/when controversial speakers come to campus. These plans are vetted so that neither the institution or student is as a risk. In addition to this, students affairs practitioners are creating more cross-functional relationships with faculty and staff on campus to ensure that all viewpoints are taken into consideration.

The Secrets of Practice Samples of Formative Essay Writing Exposed

The Secrets of Practice Samples of Formative Essay Writing Exposed It is tough to write a one-of-a-kind and well designed essay but doesn't signify that nobody can do it. Reading your essay out loud can help you notice areas wherever your writing might be unclear or awkwardly worded. Writing an informative essay is just one of many assignments that you will have to tackle. Choosing good informative essay topics is simple if you understand how to go about doing it. The essay ought to be informative and encourage at the very same moment. You've got to compose an informative essay. Practice Samples of Formative Essay Writing for Dummies The target of formative assessment is to monitor student learning to supply ongoing feedback which can be employed by instructors to enhance their teaching and by students to better their learning. If you're a part-year visiting or Erasmus student you aren't required to finish the formative essays but you may do so if you want. Formative assessments provide both students and teachers with the info they have to enhance the learning process whenever it's happening. Focused Formative assessments are centered on the learning process in addition to the learning progress. What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Practice Samples of Formative Essay Writing Along with the 3 methods, there are numerous means by which you can organize an informative essay that gives you a definition. After introducing your topic sentence, it's time to stick to the CCE format to craft the main portion of the essay. The secret is to find unique procedures to have students involved with brainstorming ideas and carrying them to paper. Many completely free examples of various academic papers on distinct topics are available on the internet, and we suggest to get a look at one of the many top samples. Practice Samples of Formative Essay Writing Can Be Fun for Everyone The capability to share something from your head is certainly a plausible act. There's no need to waste a good deal of money on custom writing. Prior to beginning, remember that a fantastic understanding of suitable spelling, punctuation and grammar may be real boost to both your business writing and the true success of your business enterprise. It's important to get an in depth understanding of the ideas that you will mention in your essay. Practice Samples of Formative Essay Writing Ideas Finally, however, remember that great writing doesn't happen by accident. Your essay might incorporate the factors for teen pregnancy and talk about the present rates of teen pregnancy and potential solutions. Thus, the significance of art subjects cannot be overlooked. Your list will just supply you with a headache if you don't locate a remedy to end your problems. The approach is exactly the same. A target point is the area of the thesis that you're aiming to prove. Its objective is to simply give an explanation. The aim of whole-class discussion is to create critical and creative thinking abilities. Examining either side of the issue can aid your readers form their own opinions. Religious radicalization Getting the correct topics for informative essay writing is just one of the most essential stages in the practice. As you could have gues sed, the objective of an informative essay is to supply information on a particular topic. Students who find it tough to compose an informative essay after reviewing examples and suggestions from experts do not need to panic. It is vital to finish the entire informative essay on an epic note in the event the author wants the reading audience to remember his brilliant suggestions and go on researching the issue. Writing an outline isn't obligatory. Teacher will allow you to read an article as your topic and will permit you to summarize it. Understanding Practice Samples of Formative Essay Writing An informative essay is just about the toughest sort of assignment that should be accomplished with absolute care and concern. `No matter what form you select, don't forget an informative essay doesn't provide the writer's opinion on the subject or make an effort to persuade their reader to modify their beliefs,' she explained. The conclusion of essay, that is the previous part, should become your opportunity to produce your readers understand the entire point of your topic. As soon as you decided on this issue, it's the right time to sit down and spend a few hours or more based on the assignment's volume o n the informative essay outline. Assessment is a term that comprises all the many methods used to specify the degree of someone's achievement. An assessment might be formal or informal. First assessment is a fundamental portion of fair and efficient admission procedures. Completing the assessment is only one portion of the procedure. In addition, there are difficulties that may hinder the objective of initial assessment. Evaluation of projects and studies to establish their strengths and weaknesses along with ensuring effectiveness and efficiency is vital. Such assessment gets formative assessment' when the evidence is truly utilised to adapt the teaching to satisfy the needs'. It becomes formative assessment when the evidence is actually used to adapt the teaching to meet student needs.

John F. Kennedy’s Assassination the History and Reflection Free Essays

string(100) " is a good thing for the officers to find all the evidence left behind, and he didn’t full think\." John F. Kennedy’s assassination was, and still is, a difficult one to understand. On November 22, 1963 President Kennedy was shot twice: once in the back and out the throat, and another in the brain, with a third bullet missing Kennedy. We will write a custom essay sample on John F. Kennedy’s Assassination: the History and Reflection or any similar topic only for you Order Now He arrived in Dallas, Texas and started his route in an open limo. When the limo glided down Elm Street, Kennedy was shot. Three shots were heard among the crowd and the President had been fatally wounded. The Zapruder Film captured the assassination. It showed Kennedy being shot as well as the Governor, Connally. Kennedy was shot through the throat and the Governor was hit in the back. Not long after that, Kennedy was shot a second time, this time in the head/brain. Police searched the sixth floor of the Book Depository and not only found the spot where the shooter had been, but also three bullet shells and the rifle used to do the job. Lee Harvey Oswald was the murder suspect and when Oswald, when pulled over, shot a Police officer four times there was little doubt that he had committed the crime. Oswald was eventually found and arrested him in a movie theatre. He was then taken to the Police Headquarters where he was questioned, and when he was to be transferred to another jail (two days after the assassination) he was shot by a man, Jack Ruby. Vice President Johnson was then sworn into the Presidency and spoke briefly to the public. Many conspiracies rose from the assassination of whether Oswald worked alone, for someone, or with someone. John F. Kennedy’s assassination was a surprising one for me. The irony in this assassination seemed to be part of a story. I couldn’t believe that they actually had footage of the shooting. The reality of the case was a lot to take in, especially since that was only around 48 years ago. It is hard to imagine the pain he must’ve been feeling and the pain his wife was going through to see her husband struggling to breathe and then see his head shot in front of her eyes. My question is how was she able to handle that? To see her husband die right in front of her eyes and not being able to help him. It made me think about how fragile life is, how one second you’re happy and content with your life and the next you don’t even have one. Did Mrs. Kennedy have help coping with the traumatic loss? Did she take precautions more seriously? Did she ever enter into a stage of depression? Mrs. Kennedy was a very strong woman to have lived through her husband’s murder in front of her eyes. Robert Oswald was Lee Harvey Oswald’s brother and according to him and research Lee had a tough life. Lee didn’t grow up with a father and had no friends in his teen years. He took an interest in communism and would eventually consider himself a Marxist. Lee Harvey Oswald joined the Marine Corps and was superb at his ability in the shooting range. Lee was able to shoot 200 yards away from a target at 49 out of a possible 50 times at an impressing time. Later on he moved to the Soviet Union where he wanted to join in the Soviet Union agency, but was rejected. Oswald eventually got a job and found a wife, Marina. Oswald was ambitious to make something of himself and to make himself known, so much so that when he returned to the United States he was expecting reporters to be there to cover his return. To his disappointment no one was there. Oswald was an abusive husband, and he also planned on being a political assassin. Wanting to make a mark on history, Lee bought a hand gun as well as a rifle under the name of A. Hiddle. Afterwards he plotted on killing an ex-general, Walker, but didn’t succeed when the bullet bounced away from the intended target off the glass of a window. Marina too Oswald to New Orleans hoping to calm him down and get his mind off of whatever he was thinking of. To her disappointment, he started handing out leaflets stating, â€Å"HANDS OFF CUBA! and getting into fights with Anti-Castro Cubans and got himself arrested. After that he wanted Marina to help him hi-jack a plane to Cuba, and later Marina left him to go back to Dallas. Lee got a job back in Texas at the Book Depository when the route for the President came out in the papers. Convenient for Lee, the route went passed right where he worked. Lee’s chance for a place in the history book s was there and he took it. The day before he killed Kennedy he left a note to his wife with some money saying to make sure his son gets some shoes. November 22, 1963 Lee arrived with the rifle wrapped up in a 38-inch long paper bag. Saying that it was curtain rods, Oswald walked in and awaited the President to pass by. When Oswald shot the three shots he fled, killing an officer in the process, and hid in a movie theatre. When he was arrested he was questioned and taken to transfer jails when another man by the name of Jack Ruby shot Lee Harvey Oswald. One of my main questions is why Lee Harvey Oswald would leave the rifle, the three shellings, and the paper bag used to cover the rifle, behind. Also, I wonder why he didn’t fully think the whole thing through. He should’ve had an escape plan in the ready after the job was done. Many criminals don’t miss this step in the planning and it seems like Lee didn’t even think about it. It seemed that Lee did this in the spur of the moment, which is a good thing for the officers to find all the evidence left behind, and he didn’t full think. You read "John F. Kennedy’s Assassination: the History and Reflection" in category "Papers" Jack Ruby was another man whose life story was a sad one. As one historian said, he was a â€Å"wannabe never-was†. Ruby was known for his bad temper and his need for importance. Ruby hung around the police and became well known among them. He got close to them to the point where he could come and go in the headquarters as he pleased. When he heard about Lee and how he had been suspected of killing the president he drove over to the headquarters with his dog in the car and parked a block from the police HQ. Ruby actually caught Lee by luck, Lee was supposed to be transferred before the time Ruby showed up but wasn’t because Lee wanted to change his clothes. As Lee was being walked out Ruby stood out and shot Lee in the gut. Ruby was arrested on the spot. He believed he was an American Hero and that he did the right thing. Because of the killing of Lee Harvey Oswald conspiracies flourished throughout the American nation. I wonder whether or not Ruby premeditated the killing of Lee. Since it said that Ruby was lucky to see Lee there, it got me thinking. If Ruby was heading over there with the intent on killing Lee I thought that he would’ve arrived on time or by the time that Lee was scheduled to be there, not the time that he was already supposed to be gone. If I wanted to kill someone I would make sure that I would show up at the right time where my intended target was going to be, not just show up and catch him by luck. To me I think that it is weird to think that Ruby was planning on killing Lee when he drove up to the headquarters with his dog in the car and showed up at the supposedly wrong time. The Warren Commission was the investigation of the assassination. There were two goals of the Warren Commission: to settle the mood in the U. S. A, and to dispel any rumors of foreign intrigue. Johnson wanted the Warren Commission to finish before the next election in 1964. The longer the investigation went on, the more conspiracies would thrive. The Warren Commission explored the evidence found at the crime scene. Using the spot where Kennedy and Connally were shot and the trajectory of the bullet, they were able to pin-point the location of the rifleman to the sixth story window of the Book Depository. Fingerprints were found on the paper bag, the boxes, and the place where the rifle was fired that all matched Lee Harvey Oswald’s. The bullets that were found in Governor Connally’s thigh, Kennedy, and also the miss-fired one, could all be traced back to Oswald’s gun, this would prove that only Oswald was involved in the murder. When the Warren Commission came out to the public, many American’s didn’t believe it. The fact that the twenty-six volumes some had mistakes, only fueled the conspiracy theories. The public, and the people who worked on the Warren Commission, didn’t find out until later that the Kennedy administration was trying to figure out a way to kill Castro. Johnson couldn’t help but believe that Castro had something to do with the assassination, and as a result he believed that: â€Å"Kennedy wanted to get Castro, but Castro got him first. † The Warren Commission was a smart move I think on Johnson’s part, but I think it was kind of hypocritical. Johnson wanted the Warren Commission to settle mood in the U. SA, but at the same time Johnson was worried. Also the goal of the Warren Commission was to somewhat stop the conspiracies, but yet Johnson had his thoughts of Cuba’s intervening. I find that somewhat hypocritical. I wanted to know how long it actually took to finish the Warren Report. If it didn’t take a lot of time to write or investigate than that should account for the mistakes that were found with the report, but those mistakes cannot have a reason unless I was to be there and look at the report for myself. The House Select Committee on the Assassination was appointed by the House to deal with the many different conspiracies. The Chief Council was G. Robert Blakey. This Committee re-examined the Warren Commission, the evidence and more of the Assassination. When the re-examination was done the Committee only confirmed that Lee Harvey Oswald really was the only killer. They asked Castro if he had anything to do with it and Castro responded that it would have been insanity to kill the President. Although both investigations came up with the same result, many Americans still refused to accept it. Theories about a second shooter in the grassy knoll became popular, especially with a cop’s microphone recording of what seems to be a fourth shot, not fired by Oswald. This conspiracy was denounced though because the cop‘s position at the time of the shootings was too far from the locations of the firings to be recorded. G. Robert Blakey believed that that the killing of Lee was a mob hit. That someone had to take out Lee to make sure he wouldn’t say anything, but if that were true than another person would have to take out Ruby to make sure he wouldn’t talk and so on, and that becomes a never-ending cycle. These acoustic findings were soon rejected. It baffles my mind to learn about the many different conspiracies that were and are still around. I cannot fully understand the reasoning behind the many beliefs about the assassination of JFK. It seems that for every conspiracy that was proved faulty there were at least two more that took it’s place. And even those that were denounced people still believe them. I don’t know why it is so hard to believe that Lee Harvey Oswald was the only assassin. Perhaps it was a way to cope with the pain back then, but even now many people I know don’t know much about the Kennedy Assassination or even care, but when asked about the conspiracies they take a side. Why? Oliver Stone was a very famous movie director who directed a film about the assassination of JFK and the Conspiracy theory of Jim Garrison. This movie fueled conspiracy. Garrison (in history, not the movie) was obsessed with proving a conspiracy. He promoted himself as the only one brave enough to uncover the truth. Jim only put one man on trial, and that was Clay Shaw. He never gave an explanation as to why he thought Shaw would conspire to kill Kennedy. When Perry Raymond Russo, Jim Garrison’s key witness against Clay Shaw, was faced with a polygraph test, he freaked out, and recanted his testimony; saying that he actually didn’t see Shaw conspire against Kennedy. When Garrison heard of this he went crazy, but still put Clay Shaw on the stand. The jury found Garrison’s claim without a base and threw it out. Unlike the â€Å"truth†, Oliver Stone’s movie JFK made Garrison look like an American hero. What was Oliver Stone’s reason to make this film how he made it? In some ways it makes Garrison look like the American hero, but I wonder if that theme was constant throughout the movie as I watched the trailers. In the movie it seems like Garrison is fighting for the truth and fighting for the American people. But is that the real message? Another scene I saw was a complete laugh. There was a scene where Garrison (in the movie; the actor) was explaining how the bullet that shot Kennedy shot down Kennedy’s back then shot up through his throat then the bullet curved left then right then into the back of Connally. That whole scene was a questionable moment because common sense says that a bullet will not go down, up, left, right, left, and then down again. How to cite John F. Kennedy’s Assassination: the History and Reflection, Papers

Recent History, Causes And Costs Of Uk Inflation Essays - Inflation

Recent History, Causes And Costs Of Uk Inflation Macroeconomics History, causes and costs of Inflation in the UK economy Before starting to explain inflation it is necessary first to define it. Inflation can be described as a positive rate of growth in the general price level of goods and services. It is measured as a percentage increase over time in a price index such as the GDP deflator or the Retail Price Index. The RPI is a basket of over six hundred different goods and services, weighted according to the percentage of how much household income they take up. There are two measurements of this: the headline rate (includes all the items in the basket) and the underlying rate (RPIX) which excludes mortgage interest payments. It is the RPIX which is used more often in this country, as a feature of the UK when compared to the rest of Europe is a very high proportion of owner/occupier homeowners. This means that many people have mortgages, and as such, changes in interest rates (to control inflation) can artificially raise the headline rate. Causes of Inflation There are two main causes of inflation, 1) Demand Pull Inflation This is where the total demand for goods and services in the economy exceeds the total supply. This happens after excessive growth in aggregate demand, and creates an inflationary gap. Excess demand in the economy drives up prices, and high prices mean that Suppliers want to produce more units of their product in order to make more money. To supply more, they must increase their production capacity, and the easiest way to do this in the short run is to increase the amount of labour they employ. This means that they are paying more wages, so people will have more disposable income, and hence there is more demand in the economy. Demand pull inflation is often monetary in origin: when the money supply grows faster than the ability of the economy to supply goods and services. This concept is explained by the Quantity Theory of Money. The quantity theory of money holds that changes in the general level of prices are directly proportional to changes in the quantity of money. It is obvious though, that merely an increase in the supply would have no effect on prices. The increase must be spent in order for this to happen. This is where velocity of circulation (V) becomes important. If the total amount of all transactions is T, and the total amount of money is M, then M/T = V If you add P as the average price level, then you have the Equation of Exchange: MV = PT This tells you that, when V is constant, a change in M will lead to a change in P or T, or both. If full employment conditions exist, then an increase in T is not possible in the short run, so an increase in M will result in an increase in P. If V is variable, an increase in M can be accompanied by an increase in V. This would cause total spending to rise by much more than the increase in M, which is one of the causes of high inflation. When prices begin to rise rapidly, people become reluctant to hold money they want to exchange it for goods and services as quickly as possible. This can lead to an inflationary spiral, as demand-pull is aggravated as excess demand (and hence prices) again increase. Monetarists believe that there is a fairly stable relationship between the demand for money and total income (nominal GDP). The demand for income is seen as being determined mainly by the transactions motive (the amount of money people hold for day to day living costs) and for this reason it will be closely related to the level of income. If you say that the demand for money is a stable function of GDP, it is the same as saying that V is a stable function of GDP. For example, say that at any moment in time, people wish to hold money balances equivalent to 25% of GDP, and that the money supply, is, in fact, equal to 25% GDP. This means that the market for money is in equilibrium. In this situation, V = 4

Roberto Clemente Essays - Roberto Clemente, Carolina, Puerto Rico

Roberto Clemente Essays - Roberto Clemente, Carolina, Puerto Rico Roberto Clemente Roberto Clemente played in an era dominated by the likes of Willie Mays, Mickey Mantle and Hank Aaron, Roberto Clemente was usually overlooked by fans discussing great baseball players. Not until late in his 18-year career did the public appreciate the talents of the 12-time All-Star of the Pittsburgh Pirates. Even though he was arguably the best baseball player at that time he was also a devote humanitarian which ultimately led to his death. Roberto Clemente Walker was born in Barrio San Anton in Carolina, Puerto Rico, August 18, 1934. Growing up he helped his father, who worked as a foreman on a sugar plantation and manager of a grocery store, load and unload trucks. The youngest of four children, Roberto excelled in track and field, winning medals in the javelin throw and short distance races. Despite his great success in the other sports his real love was baseball. He took advantage of the weather in Puerto Rico to play baseball year-round. He became consumed with the game. He squeezed a rubber ball to build up his throwing arm. While in high school, he signed a $60-a-month contract and he also received a $5,000 bonus and a new glove to play for Santurce, a professional team in the Puerto Rican league. He was 18 then and hit .356 in the winter of 1952-53. The next season, Brooklyn Dodgers scout Al Campanis held a baseball tryout clinic. He impressed Campanis enough that he offered him a $10,000 bonus. The 18 yr old had to wait until he graduated from high school before he could sign with a major league team. So he gave his word to Campanis that he would sign with the Dodgers. Later other teams were ready to offer him more money. The Milwaukee Braves were willing to give him a $30,000 bonus. But being a man of his word he stuck to his agreement and signed with The Brooklyn Dodgers. The talent-laden Dodger organization of the mid-1950s knew it would be difficult for the teenager to break into the majors with the Dodgers, therefor they tried to hide him in the minors. They were afraid that another team would draft him after the 1954 season. (There was a rule stating that any player who received a bonus of at least $4,000 had to be placed on the major league roster within a year or he could be drafted for $4,000.) Though he batted only 148 times for the Montreal Royals. There fears came true the Pittsburgh Pirates drafted him that November. Though only 20 and still learning the English language, He became a starter for the Pirates in 1955. He was rightfully Pittsburgh's pride and joy. The fans laugh at his antics, ooh- and-ah at his spectacular plays, roar in anticipation of his performance, and in general love the man. The Pirates, who were awful in his first three seasons, gradually built a strong club. In 1960 they won the National League pennant, with him hitting .314 with 16 homers and a team-high 94 RBI and making his first All-Star team. He continued his awesome play in the World Series, hitting .310 as the Pirates defeated the New York Yankees on Bill Mazeroski's famous ninth-inning homer in Game 7. But He never wore his 1960 championship ring. Feeling snubbed by the writers because he only finished eighth in MVP balloting, he wore an All-Star ring instead. His performance in 1960 was just the beginning of his All-Star, Hall of Fame career. In 1961 he was in the best shape of his life, finally getting over the chronic back problems that had bothered him since his rookie season. With his improved health, He hit .351 to win his first batting title, producing 201 hits. On November 14, 1964, he married Vera Cristina Zabala in Carolina, Puerto Rico. They had three sons. Roberto Jr., Luis Roberto and Roberto Enrique. Proud of his heritage Roberto insisted that Vera give birth to all three sons in Puerto Rico. From 1964 through 1967, He won three more batting titles. And in the year he didn't win one, he was voted the National League's MVP. He had a career best .371 batting average in 1967. The year he won the MVP, he finished fifth in batting at .317 but had career-highs with 29 homers and 119 RBI (second best in the league). The Pirates came in third, three games behind the first-place Dodgers. In 1971, Clemente (.341) led the Pirates to another pennant. Though one of the game's

Proton Definition - Chemistry Glossary

Proton Definition - Chemistry Glossary The primary parts of an atom are protons, neutrons, and electrons. Take a closer look at what a proton is and where its found. Proton Definition A proton is a component of an atomic nucleus with a mass defined as 1 and a charge of 1. A proton is indicated by either the symbol p or p. The atomic number of an element is the number of protons an atom of that element contains. Because both protons and neutrons are found in the atomic nucleus, they are collectively known as nucleons. Protons, like neutrons, are hadrons, composed of three quarks (2 up quarks and 1 down quark). Word Origin The word proton is Greek for first. Ernest Rutherford first used the term in 1920 to describe the nucleus of hydrogen. The existence of the proton had been theorized in 1815 by William Prout. Examples of Protons The nucleus of a hydrogen atom  or the H  ion  is an example of a proton. Regardless of the isotope, each atom of hydrogen has 1 proton; each helium atom contains 2 protons; each lithium atom contains 3 protons and so on. Proton Properties Because opposite charges attract each other, protons and electrons are attracted. Like charges repel each other, so two protons exert repulsion on each other.Protons are stable particles that do not decay into other particles. Free protons are common, often formed when sufficient energy is available to separate protons from electrons.Free protons are found in plasma. About 90 percent of cosmic rays consist of protons.The radioactive decay of free neutrons (which are unstable) may produce protons, electrons, and antineutrinos.

Topics Discussed in Class - My Participation in Class Assignment - 4

Topics Discussed in Class - My Participation in Class - Assignment Example Physical global marketing environment topic has given a concept and understanding of how to understand the physical environment while making global marketing decisions. After understanding the physical environment the lecturer moved us towards the understanding of PEST environment. This environment teaches us that how to conduct the analysis of overall environment when making an investment or starting a business. It gives the complete understanding of absorbing all these factors of business environment (Hewett & Bearden, 2001). From week 3 of the semester lecturer move us to give the real understanding of the global marketing and advertising. The topic we had covered was values and paradoxes in global marketing and advertisement. By this topic lecturer has developed a new frame of global marketing and advertising in the mind of all the students of the class. This topic teaches us the merits and demerits of globalizing the business along with the bright side and dark side of advertise ment in the international market. It found difficult to advertise the product in the global market because it needs to understand and analyze the environments of different countries, but this topic by lecturer helps us at a great extent in understanding global marketing and advertising. The complexity of understanding different environments of different countries has made uncomplicated by the lecturer in the week 4 by discussing the topic of dimensions of culture. This topic gave us an understanding of how to understand the characteristics of culture while understanding the culture to target with the purpose of business. This topic tells us the importance of understanding the characteristics of targeted people of different cultures. After giving the understanding of dimensions of culture lecturer contained us specifically towards the understanding of consumer behavior (Keegan and Green, 2012). Consumer behavior is changing with a fast pace with the advancement of technology and adap tation of technology by consumers. Consumers are now getting aware with the changing trends so marketer needs to be very active in understanding the changing trends of the market and importantly the changing taste and preferences of consumers. Consumer behavior study taught us the factors of understanding the changing tastes and preferences of consumer with the changing trend (Terpstra, 2000). After learning the topic of consumer behavior the lecturer gave the in-depth knowledge of consumer behavior for global market by discussing the topic of consumer ethnocentrism and disidentification. This topic gave the understanding of why consumer prefers international products over the domestic products or why consumer prefer domestic product over international brands. Many factors have been discussed in this topic which can affect the consumer preferences. This study is very important for the global marketers and we have learned a lot of techniques in this study. This study will help us in creating a brand in the presence of the needs and preferences of customers of the target market. Market is smart now so marketer needs to be smart as well in understanding the market moves. In the 9th week the lecturer moves us towards the basic

Probability and poker Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Probability and poker - Research Paper Example One of the common card games people engage in today is poker. It is played with a deck of fifty two cards. The ranks of a player’s cards and the combinations of these cards help determine the winner. In order to win big, players risk larger sums of money, hoping that they do not loose. Therefore, poker, just like any other gambling activity, is purely based on chance. In mathematics, one of the widely covered topics is probability, which is the study of the likelihood of an event occurring. For this reason, poker is directly related to this mathematical concept because outcomes are based on chance. Although most people question the importance of studying mathematics in school, the application of mathematical concepts in the real world are varied. Probability, which is a branch of mathematics, is one of the most used concepts in the world. This research aims at demonstrating how probability is used in gambling by focusing on the game of poker. For most poker players, there is strong belief in experience, skill and luck. Most players have an illusion of control in which a person beliefs he has the ability to understand and determine the outcome of uncertain events. Professional poker players are seen as those who have the ability to read their opponents with a high level of accuracy based on tiny or non-existent clues (Istrate, 55). Experienced players are those that have the ability to make accurate predictions, thereby increasing their chances of winning. In approaching the game of poker, most players look at their opponents to identify certain flaws or features that will help them to win the game. These flaws will tell them the weaknesses of their opponents, and thus capitalize on these weaknesses to win games. For this reason, players look at the position the opponents occupy on the table, their timings and pace, and the way they behave and move

The female criminality

The female criminality INTRODUCTION Women, undeniably, have been all but invisible for much of criminologys history.[1] Women have never been as prominent as their male counterparts in criminology, so much so, they can be said to have been ignored for many centuries and it was not until the turn of the 20th century that women who committed crimes were really included in criminological discourse. The advent of the feminist movements throughout this time beginning with the suffragettes to the current Fawcett commission established in 2003, has seen the realisation of womens rights and the struggle for equality supposedly at an end. But as we will see, non-feminist explanations for female criminality still leave much to be desired of as most parts of criminology along with society appears to be wedded to the conventional and stereotypical views of women, with the feminist explanations casting a new view on how women ought to be studied within the field of criminology. This paper aims to discuss and evaluate the various criminological explanations of womens involvement in crime, and suggest possibilities that obviate the traditional reasoning which passes female criminality off as purely biological. The discussion of the criminological explanations will take on two focal threads: why some women commit crime and why the majority do not. Using government statistics from England and Wales, specifically those after the second wave of the feminist movement in the 1960s and the present day, incidence, types and trends of female criminality will be explored. After the issues and problems within the statistics have been identified, I will then discuss whether criminologists can explain conclusively the reason for these findings. Do we need to study female criminality? Criminology is the study of crime which endeavours to explain and find solutions for deviant behaviour, yet there also needs to be a reason why this certain behaviour requires explanation. The theory welcomed by the government is that crime is conduct which has been agreed as contrary to the norms of society. Deviant behaviour is a problem which needs to be resolved, and once the problems have been acknowledged, policy makers can then make decisions and laws based on finding solutions to these problems. Smart notes that only those topics officially designated as social problems are studied, which she articulates is responsible for the sorry state of current knowledge and work on female criminality[2]; women are not seen as a problem, yet they live in the same world as men but commit less crime. This creates a great opportunity for society; finding underlying reasons why women do not commit as much crime as men could possibly be replicated to reduce the number of men committing crimes, or at least aid in the general control of crime. However, according to the Youth Justice Board in 2009, the relatively lower number of young women engaged in offending has meant, however, that most research and expertise has been developed in response to male offending[3]. Gender is one of the most certain predictors of offending[4], and women have never been seen as a social problem because their deviant acts in relation to men are very low. But as is sometimes suggested, statistical quantity alone is not sufficient to explain their lack of treatment.[5] Equality to men was the driving factor for the Womens Movements, but this immediately suggests that women are to be studied as a different entity, unduly undermining any common notion of equality from the outset. Arguably however, this hypothesis is true on some levels, but the equality women strive for is not equality of treatment, but equality of outcome. There are various stereotypical explanations for womens criminality which throughout history have been dominated by internal reasons; biology and psychology. However, what is interesting is how differently men are studied; from the outside. Rather than stating a man has an innate propensity for violence and deviant behaviour in his biological make-up, theorists use external reasons such as economical and class based expectations to explain behaviour. Women do not get the benefit of wholly non-biological determinist reasoning and it could be concluded that it is entirely their fault for simply being born a woman (e.g. Lombrosos female born criminals). In addition to this, female criminality needs to be studied so equality in outcome can be achieved from a justice perspective. Regarding the expectations of women in a social context, which will be discussed in depth later, if a woman was to act as expected, they are likely to be looked upon as the stereotypical weak and fragile being which needs protecting and this can be used to their advantage. But then also the opposite must not be ignored in that if they do not conform to the stereotypical female state then they will be twice condemned, which is extraordinarily unfair from a feminist perspective. Substitution and the media Hypothetically reversing the position of men and women, performed throughout this paper, when contrasting the consideration and study given to both sexes, is a very useful tool to shake out gender issues in criminality. The proliferation of the media also works to the same effect in that when one is to contrast coverage of crimes committed by men, they seem extremely commonplace and the public hardly blink an eye, but when the likes of Myra Hindley and Rosemary West committed perhaps masculine crimes, they were incredibly newsworthy. This can be down to the utmost shock that a woman has committed a crime and this produces a double deviance theory. Even now we do not expect women to behave in a criminal and inappropriate fashion, and the public are utterly shocked when we hear that a mother with the qualities of being tender and caring has shaken her baby to death. Heidensohn concurs, women involved in very serious crimes seem to provide the media with some of their most compelling images of crime and deviance.'[6] THE CRIMES WOMEN COMMIT: INCIDENCE AND TRENDS Despite their various shortcomings, the methods for measuring crime, such as police recorded crime statistics published annually by the Home Office and the British Crime Survey (BCS), have been able to provide an indication of crime trends in England and Wales. The statistics must be viewed with wary eyes because of the discussion that surrounds unreported crime which leads to resources being allocated into improving the collation of statistics; it should not be ignored that this improvement could account for a vast increase in crime rates. In addition to this, the numbers for women are very low to start with, so any slight increase could lead to a huge percentage increase which would skew the findings. Despite this, they will be used to show the incidence and trends in womens offending from: overall gender comparison, women under and over 18, the types of crime women are committing and finally cautioning rates. Gender and the feminist movements Although women gained more presence in society, the vote, property rights and other social triumphs in the first wave of the feminist movements at the end of the 19th century and early 20th century, it is really only during the second wave in the 1960s and 1970s that there was a substantial change in the general and criminal behaviour of women which would attract academic and critical comment. The criminal statistics saw a huge boost in numbers of women represented across the board: in 1958, the number of women found guilty for all indictable offences was 17,380: in 1965 this increased to 31,011, and amidst the full swing of the second wave of the feminist movement, in 1975 the number was at its highest at 60,356. In the 1960s, the ratio between men and women again for being found guilty of all indictable offences went down slightly also (from 7:1 to 6:1). The following decades saw a gradual decrease in numbers in the same respect, and in 2007 the numbers were 267,000 men to 45,300 w omen for both sexes and the ratio still lies at 6:1. The trend to be carried forward is that it remains consistent that women commit less crimes than men overall, and the highest increase in female crime was in the 1970s. Age The estimated peak age of offending is 15 for girls (and 17 for boys). According to a Ministry of Justice publication Statistics on Women and the Criminal Justice System[7] a higher proportion of all women arrested were aged between 10 and 17 than the proportion of men in that age group who were arrested, 25.7 per cent compared to 20.5 per cent. In addition to this, a study in 2009 by the Youth Justice Board[8] found that the offences most frequently committed by adolescent girls are theft and handling stolen goods, and that there has been a proliferation in the amount of girls committing violence against the person, especially if there is an existing relationship with the victim. It is also noted that recent use of alcohol is often linked to the offence/offending pattern. Home Office Statistics show the ratio of men to women found guilty or cautioned for all indictable offences is 3:1 for adolescents and 4:1 for adult women. From this two distinct trends can be deduced; there is what Worral describes as a problem population of young girls committing more crime, especially violent crime, than their older equivalent, and, that as a women gets older she is less likely to commit crime (desistence). Types of Crime As Smart notices, the proportion of women who engage in crime varies quite considerably according to the nature of the offence[9]. From the Home Office statistics for 2008/09[10] it can be seen that there are large differences between women and men in terms of their involvement with the formal criminal justice system, notably, and obviously, less women across all areas of crime. However, there appears to be a rise in theft, especially shoplifting which Smart terms a sex-related offence, a crime that has a preponderance to be committed by one sex more than the other. It follows then that this is the only area where women make significant contribution to the numbers; in 2007, 52,100 women were found guilty or cautioned for theft, the ratio between men and women is a mere 2:1. Although the ratio for fraud and forgery is also 2:1, the numbers are smaller: 9,500 women being found guilty or cautioned. By contrast, the highest ratio between men and women is that of burglary at 15:1 in 2007. The most prolific offence seen in the statistics is that of violence, but it appears to be low-level violence, harassment compared to men. Although it appears that it is more abundant for adolescent girls recently, over the last few decades there has been a dramatic increase of violence in women of all ages. For example, in 1965, 827 were found guilty of violence against the person: either murder, manslaughter, death by dangerous driving, assault or wounding. In 1975 this increased to 2,748 and then to 3,600 in 1985. In 1995 there was a slight, but not significant, decrease in (both men and) women committing violence against the person and until 2007 the number has steadily increased again to 4,500, the ratio since 1995 becoming closer (10:1 to 8:1 respectively). There has been a preponderance of women committing property offences, especially robbery as from the 1970s to present; the incidence has more than quadrupled from 200 in 1978 to 900 in 2007. Finally, according to the Women and the Criminal Justice System statistics[11], the violence that women commit is interfamily; partners and children, and homicides appear to be committed against intimate partners. Cautioning rates Women are more likely to be cautioned than men. Overall in 2007, 56% of women were cautioned instead of being officially processed by the courts for indictable offences compared to 36% of men. It was the same nearly 10 years ago also as in 1991, it was 54%. Looking at the cautioning rate for theft in 2007, out of 52,100 women, 26,000 were cautioned. In regards to violence against the person, 12,700 were cautioned out of 17,200 women. Since 2001 penalty notices for disorder (PND) can be issued for  £50 or  £80 depending on the severity of the offence. Inclusive of all ages, the Statistics on Women and the CJS found that in 2008/09 the top three reasons for issuing a penalty notice of disorder (PND) to women were: theft (retail under  £200) 20,453 (49%); causing harassment alarm or distress 8,051 (20%); and being drunk and disorderly 7,520 (18%) notably all of these appearing to require no physical strength. Although the amount of PNDs being issued has decreased from 207,544 in 2007 to 176,164 in 2008, there was a smaller decrease for the amount issued to women than to men. According to the Ministry of Justice, PNDs were designed to be a simpler and swift way for the criminal justice system to deal with low level criminal behaviour. CRIMINOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS Classical Criminology Early or classical criminologists accounted for female criminality on biological grounds; describing the psychological, physiological and hormonal characteristics of female criminals, or emphasising that their crimes were sexually based. Biological determinism is perhaps historically the most common yet underdeveloped explanation for female criminality, and has dominated discourse for a dreadfully long time, even intertwining itself into modern and contemporary theories despite mass criticism. Women being studied biologically can be immediately contrasted with the study of male criminality which, as Morris suggests[12], has nearly always used specifically socio-economic explanations such as subculture or labelling theory. Cesare Lombroso was the main projector of biological determinism, but this concept can be seen in the early works of W. I. Thomas and Otto Pollak in general, especially in regards to sexual delinquency. Thomas work was written in what Smart describes as the transitional period where criminology became more liberal. Pollak, although his work was carried out a long time after Lombrosos, is classed along with Lombroso and Thomas as a classical criminologist in that they all shared the same conventional views of women as Heidensohn summarises succinctly, Their view of women is heavily stereotyped. Women are defined according to domestic and sexual roles; they are dominated by biological imperatives; they are emotional and irrational.[13] Modern biological explanations have been exampled in this paper to highlight that biological theories remain to this day and when read in light of social theories, biological explanations as far as they go to explain female criminality, tell us more about societys perception of women than anything else. Lombroso One cannot read any textbook related to theories of female criminality without encountering at least a brief mention of the criminological pioneer Cesare Lombroso, whose work, in particular The Female Offender'[14], made specific mention of female criminals for perhaps the first time. Although completely discredited now, the mere fact that women became a topic of study was a phenomenal feat for criminology. With his son-in-law Ferrero and the help of others, along with the emphasis on scientific based study, Lombroso looked initially at 26 skulls and 5 skeletons of female offenders, namely prostitutes, 60 criminal subjects who died in prison and 17 others along with studying photo-portraits. The offences they were said to have committed were those such as infanticide, complicity in rape, arson, theft, homicide, abortion and poisoning. One of the studies within this work regarded the skull capacity and size. They were measured on account of each crime, and such conclusions were made for example, that fallen women have the smaller cranial capacity of all [offering] more analogy to the mentally afflicted than the sane. Essentially, Lombroso was explaining that women commit crime because of physical defects, and they were from the outset born criminals because of this. According to Newburns summary, Lombrosos female born criminal would specialise in not just one but several types of crime a nd surpasses her male counterpart in the refined, diabolical cruelty in which she commits her crimes and therefore a female criminal is a true monster. Also, Lombrosos theory perhaps edged towards the later idea of double deviance, in that the female criminal was doubly exceptionalbecause criminals are exceptions among civilised people and women are exceptions among criminals[15]. On the other hand, in explaining why women did not commit as much crime as men, he argued that firstly there were far fewer female born criminals than males and secondly and more offensive to read nowadays, he suggested criminal women were atavistic; a manifestation of the idea that women were not fully evolved, had underdeveloped intelligence and had less scope for degeneration. Criminality therefore was defined as a mental illness, because womens normal psychology was piety and weakness which meant the normal woman would not have the predisposition to commit crimes due to lack of intelligence, and were not affected by environmental issues as men would be. Evaluating this theory with modern eyes, the criticisms of this study are obvious, but one cannot lose context of the time in which it was carried out. It was, despite its failure, an undoubtedly sincere attempt to justify certain beliefs and theories.[16] However, it was completely ignored that the beliefs were founded on premises so naà ¯ve. Also, the theory suggests that there should be more women committing crimes, but according to the statistics this is not true. Of course, the study is archaic and did not really progress understanding of female criminality, as Heidensohn points out, the observations made of the photographs are as objective as an adjudicator in a beauty contest. However, it does tell us about the perceptions of women in that time and that worked as a starting point for later theorists to use as a point of comparison and critique. Thomas Thomas early work Sex and Society[17]was more akin to the works of Lombroso in that it studied women in regards to their physiological energy, suggesting that women were altogether less creative than men and therefore were not destined to commit crime. It was critically lacking in its applicability to all women, as it focussed on immigrants and peasant women already seen as a lower species in that time, and again based ideas on detrimental societal views of women. His later work, The Unadjusted Girl,[18] however, was a first glance at the social reasons why women could commit crime, namely that women were more aware of their deprivation in society in his time of writing and therefore likely to be frustrated, leading to the disorganisation of [their] life and potentially to sexual delinquency'[19]. Society transformed whilst Thomas was writing and that because of the breakdown of traditional restraints on women they are more likely to be unadjusted. Here, instead of appreciating the progress, he displays contempt for the ideological change in society and thus promotes repression. He theorised that women from the start were trying to find the legitimate role of the good wife, mother and dutiful daughter and in failure of this they acquired the illegitimate role, that is to say the degenerative criminal or more usually the sexual delinquent. The legitimate role was merely a sign of the times dictated by the middle-class norm, not an adequate expl anation. Pollak In his work, The Criminality of Women in 1961, Pollaks argument was that women commit just as much crime as men but it is hidden, partly because of the social order in which women live, but also because of a womens physiology particularly in regards to sex. He agreed with Lombroso and Thomas in that the most likely degeneration of women was to prostitution, which was true at that time, but has no bearing on prostitution now. Prostitutes now, according to the Home Office website[20] are not there voluntarily and are usually forced into it. He explained that women were empirically deceitful and manipulative in their nature because they conceal their menstruation every month, and that their passive nature during sexual intercourse enables women to discover and acquire confidence in their ability to deceive men in all respects.'[21] Obviously Pollak could not get away from his apparent infuriation that it was men on show with their erection, and women could hide how they really felt. Her e Pollak has taken this idea and translated it into the assumption that all women are vengeful, manipulative and cruel deceitful beings, not really moving on from the perceptions of women in Lombrosos time. Regarding the statistics, Pollak was perhaps correct when he argued that women are likely to commit offences against family members; such as poisoning their husbands, sexually abusing or killing their children. And also that persons are less likely to report a crime committed to them by a woman, as Smart notes the victims are usually children and are unable to report the crimes of their parents.[22] But his basis for this conclusion is flawed as he overlooks crimes committed by men towards their family, makes judgements completely based on the sex discrimination in society at the time and again completely ignores that this is the case. Because of this, he would probably be surprised by, and would not fit in with his conclusions, the amount of hidden wife battering and domestic abuse committed by men that has come to light recently if he were writing today. He also suggests that because of their nature, their acts are cunning and vengeful (putting poison into their husbands food) explained because their vengeance is a product of their monthly reminder of their inferior status to men and they are the persons closely related to the domestic task of food preparation, again decisively based on the perceived domestic role of women at the time. His study does correspond with the current statistics in that women are likely commit crimes within the home, but his original study was not based on any real evidence but on societal assumptions and preconceptions about the behaviour of men and women, which at the time he was oblivious to the fact that the power and societal position of men and women was completely imbalanced. Chivalry Theory Pollak, considering the very low number of female criminals, also proposed that men, especially those in the CJS, had an innate chivalry towards women. He argued that they have the same (he would argue misconceived) conceptions of women as his societal counterparts do; that women are weak and fragile, but they have deceived themselves into believing this and not realised the true nature of women. They are therefore are less likely to report, charge and convict women for the offences they engage in.'[23] In all aspects of life, Pollak has described that women are treated less severely than men to their advantage and this discrimination is to mens disadvantage. However, as Smart notes, although recognising a darker side of chivalry he has not mentioned the disadvantages of this discrimination towards women, and does not criticise the double standards for men and women; he treats it as the norm. However, it could be suggested that this theory is adequate because it is very much in effect today. The CJS currently appears to deploy this innate chivalry that protects women from the full rigours of the law, which could explain why a great deal more women are cautioned than men. Chivalry gains its credence because it is how one would expect women to be treated in a society which stereotypically views them as delicate and in need of protection. Interestingly, the chivalrous nature of the law can be seen in practice as with regard to infanticide in particular, where the Home Office stated in rejecting the proposal to abolish this offence: That a mother can be charged with infanticide on the basis of the ingredients for manslaughter is in keeping with the desire to treat such cases with compassion, in particular the desire not to force a mother to be brought face to face with the admission of whether or not she intended to kill her child.[24] (Emphasis added) However, despite of this grave offence, it is mainly true today for perhaps petty crimes, where the statistics suggest that women are more likely to be cautioned than thoroughly processed in the CJS. But this could also be explained, not by chivalry, but because there is a strong urgency for diversion in the CJS, costs are always a priority, as is police time and resources. However, Pollaks theory generalises the lenience that women get, although it is relevant on some levels, it pays no heed to the fact that after due process, female murderers and those who commit very serious offences will go to prison. Modern Biological Determinism Hormonal and Mental Imbalance Although Lombrosos work is said to have continued to exert influence long after it was written[25], Edwards states that too much emphasis is sometimes placed on Lombroso as godfather of biological criminology, arguing that medical professionals, such as Icard, Krafft-Ebing and Krugelsten walked the terrain far before Lombroso. Despite the criticisms of biological positivism, it cannot be ignored that all women have undeniable stages in their development cycle[26] namely in menstruation, menopause and after giving birth. The common theory in this respect, for why women do commit crime, is that hormonal imbalance dictates their deviant behaviour, particularly violence. Even Lombroso found this link in his work after finding that 72 out of 80 women arrested for resisting public officials were menstruating at the time[27]. Contemporary criminologists such as McClean, Wood, Devlin and Mercier have also claimed the physiological differences between men and women as a reason for criminality, but have not given substantial reasons as to why the rest of the female population have not committed crimes whilst going through the same crisis periods.'[28] Freud lends a suggestion here as he believed people are born with anti-social criminal qualities, but the better amongst them learn to control this. His theory suggests women do not have the fear of castration (as do men baring the Oedipus complex) which would be used to control their impulses, but suggests their passivity and want of affection controls them. It is commonly known that women experience mood swings, tension, water retention and headaches, however, 19th century theory exaggerates the mood swings into unaccountable violence and intolerable evil and cruelty. The works of the late Dr Dalton whom coined the term PMS to describe the changes women experience in these times, and it is accepted by the law that there can be uncontrolled aggression at certain times of the month, and PMS has the possibility to be a mitigating factor in the sentencing of female criminals under diminished responsibility in the law of evidence in England. For example, in a case in 1981, Christine English killed her boyfriend by driving into him. After pleading guilty to manslaughter on grounds of diminished responsibility due to pre-menstrual syndrome she was conditionally discharged. Furthermore, biological theory has manifested itself into the law of infanticide in that the Infanticide Act 1938 s.1 (1) states: ..where a woman by any wilful act or omission causes the death of her child being a child under the age of 12 months, but at the time of her act or omission the balance of her mind was disturbed by reason of her not having fully recovered from the effect of giving birth to the child or by reason of the effect of lactation. However it is curious to note that the medical profession refuses to accept this, in its definition, symptomatology, treatments or rates of manifestation[29]. Crimes such as infanticide can only be committed by a woman. Naturally, criminologists cannot in any way try to fit this crime into gender-neutral theories; there has to be something particular about women. On the other hand, infanticide still remains, according to the Law Commission in a Home Office Consultation Paper in 2008, a piece of legislation which is a practicable legal solution to a particular set of circumstances, which gives something to consider if there was no crime of infanticide. Accepting PMS and infanticide in the law gets varied responses, usually either outrage that a woman could literally get away with murder, or that recognition of biological happenings that every woman has is a positive step, however the deep rooted connotations are far more complex. Some might see it as positive that women are getting recognition, whereas others would see retrogressive irony in play; women want to gain equality, but they too are immersed in the want for allowances to be made for them, and also that PMS constructs womens normal experience and behaviour as abnormal'[30]. Furthermore, the masculinity of law does not understand womens problems, so it is easier to accept mental imbalance than challenge the norms of society, and so an account of PMS, as Raitt and Zeedyk suggest, is striking only because social norms dictate a particular baseline for womens behaviour and when they fail to meet that expectation, illness provides a convenient explanation[31] Consequently, Smart notes that, in principle, the law should be held to be equally applicable to all regardless of sex, (noting also, race, class and other distinctions) but in reality this does not happen. There are at all times a number of societal connotations or stereotypes, such as the chivalrous nature of men, and the stereotypical way women are perceived which overshadow what should be happening, and determine what does happen in regard to the study of crime, and although this should not be the case, it does reveal the underlying, discriminatory views towards women that would better be abandoned for the sake of the quality of explanations for criminality. Finally, it would be interesting to use substitution here. Firstly if women were in power in society, there would be no explanations for deviant behaviour down to PMS, as having PMS at certain times or experiencing the effects of childbirth and lactation would be the norm. There would probably be explanations for why men behave they do, for example neurosis because they cannot have children. Brain Function Although truly biological theories seem to have disappeared from criminology[32], Lansdell, in a study of laterality of verbal intelligence in the brain in 1962[33] noticed that when males and females had strokes or lobotomies, their recovery processes were different even though the injury was the same: women recovered better because they found that their brain hemispheres are more connected, enabling the female brain to possibly assimilate all sorts of information that male brains would keep separate. How this would become an explanation for female criminality would be quite complex and I would profess that it would see criminologists using these findings to merely support the well known stereotype that women can multitask. Nevertheless, it could be suggested that women have less chance of being caught as they could plan the offence thoroughly, or be able to perceive the consequences of their actions before they can perform an act which would render them criminal, but these would am ount to huge generalisations, and would not conclusively explain why women do or do not commit crime. Although it is arguable that as with any disease of the body